VOLUME B -- BASIC QUICK REFERENCE
SC-3000 BASIC Level III-B — part of the SE3K documentation library, also readable inside the emulator.
============================================================================ SC-3000 BASIC LEVEL III-B VOLUME B -- BASIC QUICK REFERENCE ============================================================================ Usage : dictionary -- alphabetical syntax, no examples Level : all References : Vol. A1 (guide with examples) * Vol. D (ML interface) TABLE OF CONTENTS ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Variable names (naming rules, 2-char limit) ........................... B-1 Commands -- direct mode (alphabetical) .................................. B-2 Commands -- program statements (alphabetical) .......................... B-5 Built-in functions (alphabetical) ..................................... B-14 Operators and precedences ............................................. B-20 System limitations .................................................... B-21 SOUND frequency table ................................................. B-22 Token table (internal codes) .......................................... B-23 SC-3000 ASCII codes ................................................... B-25
VARIABLE NAMES
VARIABLE NAMES
============================================================================
Numeric variable letter followed by zero or more letters/digits
X CR NR K4 W1
String variable numeric name followed by $
A$ NAME$ (NAME$ and NA$ are the same: NA$)
Array variable name with parenthesised subscript(s)
A(n) M(r, c) T(i, j, k) max 3 dimensions
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| CRITICAL: only the FIRST 2 CHARACTERS of a name are significant. |
| All longer names are silently truncated -- no error is reported. |
| |
| SPEED and SPRITE -> both become SP -> one overwrites the other |
| DIM FRR(11) and DIM FRC(11) -> both become DIM FR(11) |
| NAME$ and NADDR$ -> both become NA$ |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
A scalar and an array with the same 2-char prefix can coexist:
A = 99 : DIM A(5) -- scalar A and array A(n) are distinct
All names are case-insensitive: SCORE = Score = score.
See Vol. A1 ch. 2 for naming conventions and conflict-avoidance rules.
COMMANDS -- DIRECT MODE
COMMANDS -- DIRECT MODE
============================================================================
LIST
LIST [m][-[n]] -- m=first line, n=last line
Display program. SPACE pauses, BREAK stops.
LLIST
LLIST [m][-[n]] -- Same as LIST but to serial printer.
AUTO
AUTO [m][, n] -- m=start line (def 10), n=step (def 10)
Auto line-number generation.
DELETE
DELETE m[-n] -- Remove program lines m through n.
RUN
RUN [m] -- m=start line (default=first). Start execution.
CONT
CONT -- Resume after STOP or BREAK.
LOAD
LOAD ["filename"] -- Load program from cassette.
SAVE
SAVE "filename" -- Save program to cassette (name <= 16 chars).
VERIFY
VERIFY ["filename"] -- Compare tape file with program in memory.
NEW
NEW -- Clear program and variables.
RENUM
RENUM [m1][, m2][, m3] -- m1=new start(def 10), m2=from line(def 1st), m3=step(def 10)
Renumber program lines.
COMMANDS -- PROGRAM STATEMENTS
COMMANDS -- PROGRAM STATEMENTS
============================================================================
REM
REM -- Comment; rest of line ignored.
STOP
STOP -- Stop execution; resume with CONT.
END
END -- Terminate program.
LET
LET d=s -- Assign expression s to variable d (LET optional).
PRINT
PRINT [s1{,|;}s2...] -- Display values.
, = tab to next zone; ; = no space; : at end = no newline.
Special: CHR$(&H10)=8x8 font, CHR$(&H11)=16x8 font.
LPRINT
LPRINT [s1{,|;}s2...] -- Same as PRINT but to serial printer.
INPUT
INPUT [d$;]d1[, d2...] -- d$=optional prompt. Read keyboard -> variables.
READ
READ d1[, d2...] -- Read next DATA item(s) into variables.
DATA
DATA c1[, c2...] -- Store constants for READ.
RESTORE
RESTORE [m] -- Reset READ pointer.
DIM
DIM d(n1[, n2, n3])[,...] -- Declare array up to 3 dimensions.
Without DIM, max index=10.
ERASE
ERASE [d1, d2...] -- Invalidate array declarations (all if omitted).
DEF
DEF FN d(x)=z -- Define user function d, argument x, body z.
Up to 8 user functions.
GOTO
GOTO m -- Jump to line number m.
GOSUB
GOSUB m -- Call subroutine at line m.
RETURN
RETURN -- Return from GOSUB. Stack depth <= 15.
ON
ON s GOTO/GOSUB m1[, m2...] -- s=1 -> m1, s=2 -> m2 ...
FOR
FOR m=n1 TO n2 [STEP n3] -- Loop. n3 default=1. Nesting <= 8.
NEXT
NEXT [m1[, m2...]] -- End of FOR loop.
IF
IF r THEN s -- Execute s if r is true (non-zero).
GOTO can be omitted: IF r THEN line#
CONSOLE
CONSOLE [v][, l][, c][, s] -- v=scroll upper (0-22), l=scroll lower (2-24),
c=click sound(1/0), s=small-caps(1/0).
CLS
CLS -- Clear screen.
SCREEN
SCREEN n[, m] -- n=write screen(1=text,2=gfx), m=display screen.
COLOR
COLOR n[, m,(x1, y1)-(x2, y2), b] -- n=colour of bit 1(0-15), m=bit 0,
coords=range for bg colour, b=backdrop colour.
Text mode: only n and m are used.
PATTERN
PATTERN mn, d -- m=C#(text,32-255) or S#(sprite,0-255); n=char code; d=hex string.
16 bytes per char (2 bytes x 8 rows). Odd-byte "*" = repeat.
VRAM $1800-$1FFF (swapped with RAM $8B36-$9335).
CURSOR
CURSOR x, y -- Set cursor position. Text: x=0-37, y=0-24. Gfx: x=0-255, y=0-192.
POSITION
POSITION (x, y), a, b -- Set graphics origin. a=x-dir(0=right,1=left), b=y-dir(0=down,1=up).
PSET
PSET (x, y), c -- Draw pixel at (x, y) colour c(0-15).
PRESET
PRESET (x, y) -- Erase pixel at (x, y).
LINE
LINE [(x1, y1)]-(x2, y2), c[, f] -- Draw line; f=B (box) or BF (filled box).
Omit start to continue from last point.
BLINE
BLINE [(x1, y1)]-(x2, y2)[, c[, f]] -- Erase line/box (colour ignored).
CIRCLE
CIRCLE (x, y), r[, c, l, m, n, o] -- Draw circle/ellipse.
l=aspect ratio, m=start angle(0-1), n=end angle(0-1), o=B/BF.
BCIRCLE
BCIRCLE (x, y), r[, c, l, m, n, o] -- Erase circle (colour ignored).
PAINT
PAINT (x, y), c -- Flood fill enclosed area at (x, y) with colour c.
SPRITE
SPRITE n,(x, y), p, c -- Display sprite n at (x, y), pattern p, colour c(0-15).
MAG
MAG m -- Sprite size: 0=8x8, 1=16x16, 2=8x8 magnified, 3=16x16 magnified.
SOUND
SOUND c, f, v -- PSG output. c=channel(0=mute,1-3=tone,4=white noise,5=periodic noise),
f=frequency (see table), v=volume(0-15).
BEEP
BEEP [m] -- m=0 stop, 1=continuous, 2=single. Omit=single beep.
HCOPY
HCOPY -- Print screen text to serial printer.
Can print: digits, Latin letters (upper+lower), ASCII symbols.
Cannot print: SC-3000 tile/graphic characters, Dieresis chars.
CALL
CALL a -- Call machine code at address a (-32767 to 32767).
POKE
POKE a, d -- Write byte d(0-255) to address a. ROM $0000-$7FFF ignored.
OUT
OUT p, d -- Write byte d(0-255) to I/O port p(0-255).
VPOKE
VPOKE a, d -- Write byte d(0-255) to VRAM address a(0-16383).
MOTOR
MOTOR n -- n=0 CMT motor off, n<>0 on, omit=toggle.
TTL relay-control signal on PPI Port C bit 3 (I/O $DE); the
console emits it on the cassette connector's motor-remote pin.
BUILT-IN FUNCTIONS
BUILT-IN FUNCTIONS
============================================================================
ABS
ABS(x) -- Absolute value of x.
RND
RND(f) -- f=0 init seed, f=1 next random (0 <= r < 1), f=-1 swap seed.
SIN
SIN(x) -- Sine (x in radians).
COS
COS(x) -- Cosine (x in radians).
TAN
TAN(x) -- Tangent (x in radians).
ASN
ASN(x) -- Arcsine; x in [-1,1]; result in radians.
ACS
ACS(x) -- Arccosine; x in [-1,1].
ATN
ATN(x) -- Arctangent; result in (-pi/2, pi/2).
LOG
LOG(x) -- Natural logarithm (base e).
LGT
LGT(x) -- Common logarithm (base 10).
LTW
LTW(x) -- Binary logarithm (base 2).
EXP
EXP(x) -- e^x.
RAD
RAD(x) -- Degrees to radians.
DEG
DEG(x) -- Radians to degrees.
PI
PI -- pi = 3.1415926536.
SQR
SQR(x) -- Square root of x.
INT
INT(x) -- Largest integer <= x.
SGN
SGN(x) -- Sign: +1, 0, or -1.
ASC
ASC(s) -- ASCII code of first character of string s.
LEN
LEN(s) -- String length.
VAL
VAL(s) -- Convert numeric string to number.
PEEK
PEEK(a) -- Read byte from address a (-32768 to 32767).
INP
INP(p) -- Read byte from I/O port p (0-255).
FRE
FRE -- Free RAM bytes available.
VPEEK
VPEEK(a) -- Read byte from VRAM address a (0-16383).
STICK
STICK(f) -- Joystick f(1=P1,2=P2): 0=none,1=up,2=upR,3=R,4=dnR,5=dn,6=dnL,7=L,8=upL.
STRIG
STRIG(f) -- Trigger buttons f(1=P1,2=P2): 0=none,1=T1,2=T2,3=both.
CHR$
CHR$(x) -- Character for ASCII code x (0-255).
HEX$
HEX$(x) -- Convert x (-32768..32767) to hexadecimal string.
INKEY$
INKEY$ -- Current key as string, or null string if none pressed.
LEFT$
LEFT$(s, x) -- First x characters of string s.
RIGHT$
RIGHT$(s, x) -- Last x characters of string s.
MID$
MID$(s, x[, y]) -- y chars from position x of s (default: to end).
STR$
STR$(x) -- Number x to string.
TIME$
TIME$ -- Read/write timer as string "hh:mm:ss".
SPC
SPC(n) -- Insert n spaces at current print position (PRINT only).
Characters in the skipped positions are overwritten.
TAB
TAB(n) -- Advance print cursor to column n (PRINT only).
No effect if cursor already past column n; does not erase.
OPERATORS AND PRECEDENCES
OPERATORS AND PRECEDENCES
============================================================================
Priority Symbol Numeric String Meaning
-------- ------ ------- ------ -------------------------------
1 ^ o x Exponentiation (0^0 = 1)
2 + / - o x Unary sign
3 * / o x Multiply / Divide
4 MOD o x Integer remainder
5 + o o Add / String concatenation
5 - o x Subtract
6 = < > <= >= <> o o Comparison (true=-1, false=0)
7 NOT o x Logical NOT
8 AND o x Logical AND
8 OR o x Logical OR
8 XOR o x Logical XOR
SYSTEM LIMITATIONS
SYSTEM LIMITATIONS ============================================================================ String length (max) 255 characters String workspace area 300 characters Screen input buffer 256 characters Line buffer (tokenised) 256 characters Operator precedence levels 32 levels FOR-NEXT nesting (max) 16 levels -- error [23] if exceeded GOSUB-RETURN nesting (max) 8 levels -- error [21] if exceeded Array dimensions (max) 3 (DIM A(x,y,z)) Numeric range +/-9.9999999999E-99 to +/-9.9999999999E+99 Integer form -32768 to 32767 (&HFFFF = -1 in BASIC) Hexadecimal literal &H0000 to &HFFFF (two's complement, 16-bit) Variable name any length; only first 2 characters significant Line number 1 to 65535 POKE/PEEK address &H8000 to &HFFFF (RAM); ROM &H0000-&H7FFF read-only VRAM address 0 to 16383 (&H0000-&H3FFF) I/O port 0 to 255 (&H00-&HFF) HEX$(x) argument -32768 to 32767 (two's complement hex output) CHR$(x) argument 0 to 255
SOUND FREQUENCY TABLE
SOUND FREQUENCY TABLE ============================================================================ Scale f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 C 131 262 523 1047 2094 C+ 139 277 554 1109 2218 D 147 294 587 1175 2350 D+ 156 311 622 1245 2490 E 165 330 659 1319 2638 F 175 349 698 1397 2794 F+ 185 370 740 1480 2960 G 196 392 784 1568 3136 G+ 208 415 831 1661 3322 A 110 220 440 880 1760 3520 A+ 117 233 466 932 1864 B 123 247 494 988 1976 f1=octave 1 (32'), f2=octave 2 (16'), f3=octave 3 (8'), f4=octave 4 (4'), f5=octave 5 (2'), f6=octave 6 (1'). Frequencies in Hz.
TOKEN TABLE -- STATEMENT KEYWORDS ($17C0)
TOKEN TABLE -- STATEMENT KEYWORDS ($17C0)
============================================================================
ROM format: ASCII bytes + token byte. Range: $82-$E5.
Character data $10C0-$17BF (before this table).
$82 LIST
$83 LLIST
$84 AUTO
$85 DELETE
$86 RUN
$87 CONT
$88 LOAD
$89 SAVE
$8A VERIFY
$8B NEW
$8C RENUM
($8D-$8F: reserved/internal)
$90 REM
$91 PRINT
$91 ? <- alias
$92 LPRINT
$92 L? <- alias
$93 DATA
$94 DEF
$95 INPUT
$96 READ
$97 STOP
$98 END
$99 LET
$9A DIM
$9B FOR
$9C NEXT
$9D GOTO
$9E GOSUB
$9F GO
$A0 ON
$A1 RETURN
$A2 ERASE
$A3 CURSOR
$A4 IF
$A5 RESTORE
$A6 SCREEN
$A7 COLOR
$A8 LINE
$A9 SOUND
$AA BEEP
$AB CONSOLE
$AC CLS
$AD OUT
$AE CALL
$AF POKE
$B0 PSET
$B1 PRESET
$B2 PAINT
$B3 BLINE
$B4 POSITION
$B5 HCOPY
$B6 SPRITE
$B7 PATTERN
$B8 CIRCLE
$B9 BCIRCLE
$BA MAG
$BB VPOKE
$BC MOTOR
($BD-$BF: reserved/internal)
$C0 ^
$C1 *
$C2 /
$C3 MOD
$C4 +
$C5 -
$C6 <>
$C6 >< <- alias
$C7 >=
$C7 => <- alias
$C8 <=
$C8 =< <- alias
$C9 >
$CA <
$CB =
$CC NOT
$CD AND
$CE OR
$CF XOR
($D0-$DF: reserved/internal)
$E0 FN
$E1 TO
$E2 STEP
$E3 THEN
$E4 TAB
$E5 SPC
Unique tokens: 78 Total entries: 83
TOKEN TABLE -- FUNCTION KEYWORDS ($1960)
TOKEN TABLE -- FUNCTION KEYWORDS ($1960)
============================================================================
Stored in tokenised programs as: $80 (prefix) + sub-token.
$80 ABS
$81 RND
$82 SIN
$83 COS
$84 TAN
$85 ASN
$86 ACS
$87 ATN
$88 LOG
$89 LGT
$8A LTW
$8B EXP
$8C RAD
$8D DEG
$8E PI
$8F SQR
$90 INT
$91 SGN
$92 ASC
$93 LEN
$94 VAL
$95 PEEK
$96 INP
$97 FRE
$98 VPEEK
$99 STICK
$9A STRIG
($9B-$9F: unassigned)
$A0 CHR$
$A1 HEX$
$A2 INKEY$
$A3 LEFT$
$A4 RIGHT$
$A5 MID$
$A6 STR$
$A7 TIME$
Total: 35 function tokens
SC-3000 ASCII CODES
SC-3000 ASCII CODES ============================================================================ CHR$(x) prints the character with code x. ASC(s$) returns the code of the first character of s$.
A -- Control codes (0-31, &H00-&H1F)
A -- Control codes (0-31, &H00-&H1F)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Code Hex Name Effect on cursor / terminal
---- ---- ---- ------------------------------------------------------
0 &H00 NUL ignored
7 &H07 BEL emits a short beep (same as BEEP)
8 &H08 BS backspace -- cursor left 1
9 &H09 HT tab -- cursor to next tab stop (every 8 columns)
10 &H0A LF line feed -- cursor down 1 row
11 &H0B VT cursor to home (col 0, row 0)
12 &H0C FF clear screen + cursor to home (= CLS)
13 &H0D CR beginning of current line (without advancing)
16 &H10 DLE switch to 8x8 pixel-per-character font
17 &H11 DC1 switch to 16x8 pixel-per-character font (wider)
28 &H1C FS cursor right 1
29 &H1D GS cursor left 1 (= BS)
30 &H1E RS cursor up 1
31 &H1F US cursor down 1 (= LF)
Note: codes 1-6, 14-15, 18-27 produce no known visible effect.
B -- Printable ASCII (32-127, &H20-&H7F)
B -- Printable ASCII (32-127, &H20-&H7F)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Identical to the standard US-ASCII set. Grid with column/row offset:
_0 _1 _2 _3 _4 _5 _6 _7 _8 _9 _A _B _C _D _E _F
2_ SP ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . /
3_ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?
4_ @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O
5_ P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _
6_ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o
7_ p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ DEL
Reading: row 2_ col _0 = code &H20 = 32 = space.
row 4_ col _1 = code &H41 = 65 = 'A'.
C -- Extended characters (128-255, &H80-&HFF)
C -- Extended characters (128-255, &H80-&HFF)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Codes 128-255 depend on the ROM revision and the active keyboard mode
(KANA, GRAPH).
&H80-&H9F (128-159)
SC-3000 special graphic characters: block graphics symbols, extended
punctuation, box-drawing characters.
Accessible via the GRAPH key + letter.
&HA0-&HDF (160-223)
Half-width Katakana (Japanese version).
Corresponds to the JIS X 0201 standard (Katakana subset).
Accessible via the KANA key.
&HA1 ｦ &HA2 ｧ &HA3 ｨ &HA4 ｩ &HA5 ｪ &HA6 ｫ &HA7 ｬ &HA8 ｭ
&HA9 ｮ &HAA ｯ &HAB ｰ &HAC ｱ &HAD ｲ &HAE ｳ &HAF ｴ &HB0 ｵ
&HB1 ｶ &HB2 ｷ &HB3 ｸ &HB4 ｹ &HB5 ｺ &HB6 ｻ &HB7 ｼ &HB8 ｽ
&HB9 ｾ &HBA ｿ &HBB ﾀ &HBC ﾁ &HBD ﾂ &HBE ﾃ &HBF ﾄ &HC0 ﾅ
&HC1 ﾆ &HC2 ﾇ &HC3 ﾈ &HC4 ﾉ &HC5 ﾊ &HC6 ﾋ &HC7 ﾌ &HC8 ﾍ
&HC9 ﾎ &HCA ﾏ &HCB ﾐ &HCC ﾑ &HCD ﾒ &HCE ﾓ &HCF ﾔ &HD0 ﾕ
&HD1 ﾖ &HD2 ﾗ &HD3 ﾘ &HD4 ﾙ &HD5 ﾚ &HD6 ﾛ &HD7 ﾜ &HD8 ﾝ
&HD9 ﾞ &HDA ﾟ &HDB-&HDF: reserved
&HE0-&HFF (224-255)
Additional graphic characters and special symbols.
Exact content depends on the ROM revision.
D -- Keyboard -> ASCII code mapping
D -- Keyboard -> ASCII code mapping
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
The lookup tables used by BASIC to convert the keyboard matrix code to
ASCII code are located in ROM at the following addresses:
$3FA0 Normal characters (alphanumeric + symbols)
$3FE0 SHIFT + key
$4020 KANA (Katakana)
$4060 SHIFT + KANA
$40A0 GRAPH (graphic characters)
$40E0 SHIFT + GRAPH
$4120 CTRL + key (produces codes 1-31)
$4160 FUNC function keys (ends at $4298)
The KEYREAD routine ($4918) scans the matrix; BASIC then uses the
lookup table corresponding to the active modifier combination.
============================================================================